The Jewish Writers Of The Bible - 2153 Words

A walk through the green and tranquil Valley of Hinnom, below Jerusalem’s Old City walls, reveals beautiful views of the Holy Land – and some dark tales, too. Imagine a place full of fire and sulfur, with the harrowing souls of people burning there for eternity, while being tormented by hideous demons. In Luke 16, we hear the voice of a rich man in Hell. He cried out to Abraham and Lazarus, If only I had a drop of water on my tongue! Now you have imagined what Christian theologians teach is a place of eternal damnation for sinners. But does such a place really exist? Let s find out. To begin our investigation, we need to find out what the Jewish writers of the Bible believed about Hell. Many Jewish scholars claim that belief in the†¦show more content†¦We see the same language employed throughout the rest of the Old Testament to describe the fates of Moses, Aaron and even King Josiah. These men all had something in common. They were righteous men. As for the unrighteous, being â€Å"cut off from his people† is punishment for certain sins. For example, Genesis 17:14 says, Any uncircumcised male who is not circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin shall be cut off from his people; he has broken my covenant.† or consider Exodus 31:14 - You shall keep the Sabbath, because it is holy for you. Everyone who profanes it shall be put to death. Whoever does any work on it, that soul shall be cut off from among his people. The punishment of â€Å"being cut off† from your people is referred to as karat in Hebrew. In the Talmud karat means extinction of the soul and denial of a share in Olam Ha-Ba, the world to come. The Sages teach us that there will be a Resurrection. At the Resurrection, the righteous will go to everlasting life in the world to come, which is the Messianic age. But the wicked will go to a place called Gehenna. In the Mishnah, one rabbi says, This world is like a lobby before the Olam Ha-Ba. Prepare yourself in the lobby so that you may enter the banquet hall. Similarly, the Talmud says, This world is like the eve of Shabbat, and the Olam Ha-Ba is like Shabbat. He who prepares on the eve of Shabbat will have

Image and Voice of Nursing - 1895 Words

Introduction The nursing profession is one of many portrayed by the media. In its simplest form media is how information is shared and stored. Media covers a wide range of services, advertisements, brochures, pamphlets, TV shows, films, novels, and magazines, digital, electronic, it goes on and on. Media is more accessible these days; the internet and wireless technology makes it easy for many people to access information on a wide scale. As information is shared by the media the public creates an image. This image may be right or it can be wrong, it all depends on the media’s accuracy. Nurses have been depicted in many forms over the years. These depictions can influence the public’s opinion of the profession as well as the likelihood that the profession will be considered for future students. Nurses need to take a more active role in how the profession is portrayed by the media, they need to work together to portray the profession in its best light in order to recruit and reta in nurses. Description of historical image of nursing Nurse; the word itself conjures up many images. Florence Nightingale is often the historical image that pops into minds; this image of the â€Å"lady with the lamp†. But before Florence, nurses were something different all together. Hospitals themselves were not the atmosphere of caring and healing that they have become today. Hospitals of historical times were workhouses. These were the only places for sick patients who could not afford costsShow MoreRelatedNursing Image and Media1449 Words   |  6 PagesNursing the Silent Profession and Media’s influence The nursing image has become a major issue in the society as people have different perception about nursing. Some believe that nurses do their duties out of kindness. 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Indian Removal Act Free Essays

Indian Removal Analytical Essay In America: A Narrative History, Tindall and Shi spend little time talking about Jackson’s Indian policy and The Trail of Tears. Jackson’s Indian Policy paints Jackson as a man who hates the Indians and briefly talks about the Black Hawk War and a couple minor battles between the whites and Indians. It bluntly states that Indian Removal was simply â€Å"†¦moving all of [the Indians] into the plains west of the Mississippi River, to the Great American Desert†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tindall and Shi 304). We will write a custom essay sample on Indian Removal Act or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the section dedicated to The Trail of Tears, Tindall and Shi discuss the policy in Georgia towards the Indians, bringing up a few court cases such as Worcester v. Georgia and Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, neither of which did anything to help the Indians. After explaining the court cases, Tindall and Shi spend a segment talking about how the Indians gave up their lands east of the Mississippi in exchange for land west of the Mississippi, $5 million, and money for transportation. They do lightly address the â€Å"†¦grueling journey that killed many of the exiles† known as The Trail of Tears. Like most books though, America: A Narrative History uses a biased point of view and short segments about the subject to get its point across. Works Cited: Heidler, David, and Jeanne Heidler. Indian Removal. Ed. Lory Frenkel. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2007. Print. Tindall, George, and David Shi. America: A Narrative History. Ed. Jon Durbin. 8th ed. New York City: W. W. Norton Company, 2010. Print. How to cite Indian Removal Act, Papers Indian Removal Act Free Essays string(84) " first to be removed; they began their walk in 1831, followed by the Creek in 1834\." Indian Removal Act Nunahi-duna-dlo-hilu-i In the 1800’s, the United States was a nation still learning how to efficiently run a government, and establish credibility as a force to be reckoned with. Expansion was the first priority in which they were determined to achieve. The greatest onslaught of discrimination towards a group of non-resisting people occurred in 1830, when President Andrew Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act; Jackson passed this act in order to further expand the country into lands east of the Mississippi River. We will write a custom essay sample on Indian Removal Act or any similar topic only for you Order Now For a group of people willing to assimilate, there still was a severe expulsion from their native lands when there really didn’t have to be. â€Å"In 1830 the United States Congress passed . . . a statute authorizing use of military force to compel the relocation of all indigenous peoples east of the Mississippi River to points west (Ward, 144. ). † Jackson was ruthless when it came to the enlargement of his country, and would stop at nothing to achieve his goal. Although Jackson was set on his plan of action, the previous years’ presidents had not had the same fundamental opinions upon the subject as he. The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee-Cree, and Seminole Indians were all indigenous to southeastern territory in the States; these five tribes were recognized to be the â€Å"Five Civilized Tribes† due to their acceptance of acculturation that George Washington had proposed to them (Perdue, 51). Following George Washington’s acceptance of the Indians, Jefferson agreed that it was only correct to allow the tribes to remain on their homelands; he also had a policy that they would be tolerated, and supported from the American government and be allowed to remain east of the Mississippi as long as they agreed to assimilate to Americanized culture. Jackson didn’t agree with that at all. Prior to Jackson, the main objective of the presidency was to guide the United States toward a mass agriculturally based lifestyle, and develop a nation that could be self sufficient and provide for itself (Jefferson). The Jackson-Era developed a new path for the nation, with one of its biggest stains being the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Jackson’s folly as a President was his discrimination against the Indians and bias toward the land in which he was raised, the south. He greatly let these key concepts of his own personal life help guide his judgment and persistence while running the country. The southerners immensely wanted the Indian’s lands to themselves; they sought the rich fertile ground in which they could farm and develop their agricultural businesses. However, the Indians would not budge from their native lands. In order to appease the south, Jackson pushed congress to pass the Indian Removal Act rigorously. â€Å"In engineering removal, Jackson not only disregarded a key section of the Indian Removal Act, but also misused the powers granted to him under the Trade and Intercourse Act of 1802. Furthermore, he failed to honor promises made in his name in order to win congressional support of the removal, and he broke a number of federal treaty commitments to Indians, including some that he had personally negotiated (Cave). Jackson chose to ignore all of the promises made by his forefathers and predecessors to the Indians. Washington, Jefferson, and the other great impactors in history had reassured the Indians that as long as they were peaceful and willing to assimilate, they would not meet harsh repercussions or maltreatment. Also, he chose to dismiss the fact that there were treaties passed acknowledging the Indian’s right to their land within the states, allowing them to remain due to the fact that they settled it previously and had established their own life upon said land. Although the act did not authorize a forced relocation and explicit treatment along the way, both occurred and with little attention paid by the government and United States citizens. Instead of trying to help the Indians and remain on certain understandable terms with them, he simply exiled them and forgot them. Jackson and the government did not put any effort forth to help the Indians settle their new land. They were sent away with nothing, to try and make the best out of a land that was nothing. The Indians were all but forgotten once they were forced to abandon their lands. The Indian Removal Act stated: â€Å"Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That upon the making of any such exchange as is contemplated by this act, it shall and may be lawful for the President to cause such aid and assistance to be furnished to the emigrants as may be necessary and proper to enable them to remove to, and settle in, the country for which they may have exchanged; and also, to give them such aid and assistance as may be necessary for their support and subsistence for the first year after their removal (â€Å"Indian Removal Act Of 1830†). † Jackson failed to meet this aspect of the Act. He simply denied the occurrence and moved on to different obligations. Section 5 of the Indian Removal Act clearly states that the President must provide aid and assistance as necessary to the removed party. Jackson did neither; instead, he further decreased their numbers with the way that the Indians were transferred from their homelands. The expulsion of the Indians showed how little effort and thought had actually gone into the plan after achieving his goal of approval to remove them. Volunteers gathered tribes, mass amounts of thousands at a time, and began to walk them to their new lands west of the Mississippi. Although the treaty states that Jackson should have provided aid and assistance, he did not. He ostracized the Indians and then left them to suffer on their own with no help from the very government that sent them away with promises to help for the first year. The journey which prevailed for the Indians was one of heartache, loss, and disease. The Choctaw Indians were the first to be removed; they began their walk in 1831, followed by the Creek in 1834. You read "Indian Removal Act" in category "Essay examples" The Chickasaw occurred in 1837, and finally, the Cherokee in 1838. The removal of these groups of people surmounted to 46,000 Indians from southeastern states. Thus, opening around 25 million acres of land for excessive white settlement and inhabitance. (â€Å"Indian Removal†). The journey in which very few prevailed unscathed was torturous. Some treks involved over three thousand people, to which only two thousand survived the initial travel. With that extreme amount of people, there was no way the Indians could live with a great deal of hygiene at all. From the moment they arrived, another one thousand were believed to have passed due to disease, weather, or malnutrition. This did not have to come about, to a group of people who were already willing to assimilate. Those who survived called this ordeal â€Å"Nunahi-duna-dlo-hilu-i†Ã¢â‚¬  or the trail where they cried. Today we know it as the trail of tears. † (Stewart, 13) The trail of tears was the undeniable, indirect murder of thousands of Indians sent away from their homelands. They were given no choice whether to stay or go; Death was inevitable. If they stayed, g reedy southerners from Georgia and surrounding squatters were guaranteed to kill whichever Indians were left on their original land in order to plunder it and begin to cultivate it as their own agricultural business. The trail of tears was one of the most momentous events for Indian culture, and more specifically for the Cherokee tribe. â€Å"Between June and December 1838, more than 15,000 Cherokees were forced to depart their homes in the southern Appalachians and walk more than a thousand miles to Indian Territory. Between 4,000 and 8,000 Cherokees died on â€Å"Nunahi-duna-dlo-hilu-i†, the Trail Where They Cried (â€Å"The Museum of the Cherokee Indian†). † This specific journey was the most unbelievable. Although there were other walks occurring by different tribes, the Cherokee’s was an abomination. As referred to by Alfred Cave, the Cherokee’s walk to their new homes was a â€Å"genocide† performed by the American government (Cave, 65). Once again, proof that Jackson was way too stubborn and strict to hear out the group that was willing to work with them, like the past presidents were. The trail of tears was awful mainly due to the poor evaluation by the government. The expedition occurred in the middle of winter, and thus during the coldest of seasons, with the most unforgivable weather. â€Å"Poor planning by the government, disease, a lack of provisions, and harsh weather created a disaster along the trail of tears. Approximately one third of those who started the journey did not live to see their new home. (Stewart, 14)† The Cherokee’s march across the Midwest in 1839 has also claimed reference as a â€Å"death march† (Jahoda). The trail of tears due to the Indian Removal Act was practically a death sentence for those who could not escape and find their way back east. As the trek carried forth, provisions became scarce, weather fought against the little hope that was left, and disease ran rampant throughout the groups of travelers. There was no escaping pain, physical or emotional. Eye witness accounts to this journey that the Indians were forced to embark on are startling. They provide evidence into the truth that occurred on this walk. Alexis de Tocqueville was in Tennessee at the time of the march, and witnessed it first hand. â€Å"They possessed neither tents nor wagons, but only their arms and some provisions. † â€Å"I saw them embark to pass the mighty river. Never will that solemn spectacle fade from my remembrance. No cry, no sob, was heard among the assembled crowd; all were silent† (Tocqueville ) The accounts of De Tocqueville and Indians who managed to escape and find their way back to what was left of their land in the east reported the true solemnity that occurred on the trail. There was no hope, or positivity irradiating from anyone on the walk. Instead, a somber journey, reminding them the whole way of the oppression and unimportance to the government which previously promised them tolerance. The Indians had nothing to them but what they could carry. They had nothing but each other, and while the trip became prolonged, the numbers of people still alive on the journey began to dwindle. Thus, the Indians who actually survived were left with close to nothing at all. Charles Hicks once said â€Å"We are now about to take our leave and kind farewell to our native land, the country that the Great Spirit gave our Fathers, we are on the eve of leaving that country that gave us birth†¦ it is with sorrow we are forced by the white man to quit the scenes of our childhood†¦ we bid farewell to it and all we hold dear. † The Indians wanted nothing but to live peacefully upon the land that they had inhabited from the beginning of their existence. The abuse of power exhibited by Andrew Jackson during his presidency was atrociousness. The Indians who were content in abiding by their agreement with past presidents, such as Washington and Jefferson, to assimilate and westernize, were not met with the same respect by President Jackson. Instead, Jackson pressured congress to pass the Indian Removal Act of 1830 which ultimately annihilated majority of the Indian population during, and after the relocation. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 forced the Indians to relocate to areas west of the Mississippi which had not been inhabited previously, and would require much time and effort to cultivate and make usable. To the Indians, this surprise attack from Jackson spelled out the answer to the question, was the government a friend, or a foe? The Indian Removal Act confirmed the answer of foe. Bibliography 1. Cave, Alfred A. â€Å"Abuse Of Power: Andrew Jackson And The Indian Removal Act Of 1830. † Historian 65 (2003): 1330-1353. Academic Search Elite. Web. 2 December 2012. 2. Charles Hicks, Tsalagi (Cherokee) Vice Chief on the Trail of Tears, August 4, 1838. 3. Indian Removal Act Of 1830. † Indian Removal Act Of 1830 (2009): 1. Academic Search Elite. Web. 15 November 2012. 4. â€Å"Indian Removal†. PBS, n. d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012 http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959. html. 5. Jahoda, Gloria (1975). Trail of Tears: The Story of the American Indian Removal 1813-1855. 2 December 2012. 6. Jefferson, Thomas (1803). â€Å"President Thomas Jefferson to William Henry Harrison, Governor of the Indiana Territory,† 3 December 2012. 7. Maier, Pauline. â€Å"Inventing America: A History of The United States†. W. W. Norton Company, Inc. 2006. Print 8. Perdue, Theda (2003). â€Å"Chapter 2 ‘Both White and Red'†. Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South. The University of Georgia Press. p. 51) 27 October 2012. 9. Ward Churchill, A Little Matter of Genocide (San Francisco, 1997), 144. 1 December 2012. 10. Stewart, Mark. The Indian Removal Act: Forced Relocation. Minneapolis: Compass Point, 2007. Print. 11. â€Å"The Museum of the Cherokee Indian. † The Museum of the Cherokee Indian N. p. , n. d. Web. 09 Nov. 2012. http://www. cherokeemuseum. org/html/collections_tot. html. 12. Tocqueville, Alexis De, and J. P. Mayer. Democracy in America. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1969. Print. 2 December 2012. How to cite Indian Removal Act, Essay examples Indian Removal Act Free Essays The Indian Removal Act The U. S got the Louisiana Territory in 1803. Then during his presidency, Andrew Jackson got Congress to pass the Indian Removal Act. We will write a custom essay sample on Indian Removal Act or any similar topic only for you Order Now This act stated that all Indians that wished to follow their own tradition must move to the Indian Territory where they would have more than 70,000 square miles of free land. When this act was passed, all Indians but the Cherokee signed the Treaty of Echota agreeing to move. Jackson thought it was necessary to take action against them to enforce the law. But the question is was the U. S justified in passing the Indian Removal Act forcing all Indians to move. I say no, the U. S was not justified in passing the act. The Indians have had a right to this land way before we did. Even though we are settled here, all this land originally the Indians’ and with this act, we are kicking them off their own land. John Marshall stated, â€Å"The Choctaw and Creek were treated horrendously when they moved to the Indian Territory. Their horses were stolen and hundreds died for malnutrition. † (Document 2). The Choctaw and the Creek were treated really badly. They suffered a lot and some of them even died. Honestly, the Cherokee are being smart in not moving to the Indian Territory because they know that they will be treated the same way. The very little trust that the Cherokees had in us is now lost. Mr. Marshall also states, â€Å"In the case of Worchester vs. Georgia (1832), the U. S Supreme court ruled that the state of Georgia could not force the Cherokee off their land. † (Document 2). President Jackson is going against the law by supporting the Indian Removal Act. This does not show good presidency. He’s taking hasty decisions because of his bad past with the Indians. The Cherokees are not at fault. If they want to follow their traditions and still live in Georgia, fine. I don’t see why any American has an objection with the Indians staying there not bothering us and we not bothering them. They have a right to this land. Let them have the freedom. The Cherokee should be allowed to stay in Georgia. It’s their land and they had a right to it even before we did. But think about it. How would you feel if you were told that you had only two choices: one, if you wanted to stay in your current location, you have to give up all your traditions and two, you have to move somewhere else if you wanted to follow your traditions? Put yourself in the shoes of the Cherokee. What would you do? How to cite Indian Removal Act, Papers Indian Removal Act Free Essays The Indian Removal Act The U. S got the Louisiana Territory in 1803. Then during his presidency, Andrew Jackson got Congress to pass the Indian Removal Act. We will write a custom essay sample on Indian Removal Act or any similar topic only for you Order Now This act stated that all Indians that wished to follow their own tradition must move to the Indian Territory where they would have more than 70,000 square miles of free land. When this act was passed, all Indians but the Cherokee signed the Treaty of Echota agreeing to move. Jackson thought it was necessary to take action against them to enforce the law. But the question is was the U. S justified in passing the Indian Removal Act forcing all Indians to move. I say no, the U. S was not justified in passing the act. The Indians have had a right to this land way before we did. Even though we are settled here, all this land originally the Indians’ and with this act, we are kicking them off their own land. John Marshall stated, â€Å"The Choctaw and Creek were treated horrendously when they moved to the Indian Territory. Their horses were stolen and hundreds died for malnutrition. † (Document 2). The Choctaw and the Creek were treated really badly. They suffered a lot and some of them even died. Honestly, the Cherokee are being smart in not moving to the Indian Territory because they know that they will be treated the same way. The very little trust that the Cherokees had in us is now lost. Mr. Marshall also states, â€Å"In the case of Worchester vs. Georgia (1832), the U. S Supreme court ruled that the state of Georgia could not force the Cherokee off their land. † (Document 2). President Jackson is going against the law by supporting the Indian Removal Act. This does not show good presidency. He’s taking hasty decisions because of his bad past with the Indians. The Cherokees are not at fault. If they want to follow their traditions and still live in Georgia, fine. I don’t see why any American has an objection with the Indians staying there not bothering us and we not bothering them. They have a right to this land. Let them have the freedom. The Cherokee should be allowed to stay in Georgia. It’s their land and they had a right to it even before we did. But think about it. How would you feel if you were told that you had only two choices: one, if you wanted to stay in your current location, you have to give up all your traditions and two, you have to move somewhere else if you wanted to follow your traditions? Put yourself in the shoes of the Cherokee. What would you do? How to cite Indian Removal Act, Essay examples

Benefits on Job Satisfaction-Free-Samples-Myassignmentshelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Compensation and Benefits on Job Satisfaction and Employee Retention. Answer: Background Compensation is the best tool for improving the enhancing the employee motivation and commitment towards the organizational goals and objectives. It is an evident fact that the employees are the main resources of an organization through which companies are able to survive in tough competitive advantages (Popoola and Ayeni, 2007). But recent studies have highlighted that the compensation is recommended mostly for executives while ignoring the employees or the subordinates. The impact of compensation is evident upon the aspects of job satisfaction and employee retention as the sense of hard work and determination to meet organizational objectives could be achieved among employees (Sinclair, 2002). Thus, the issues related to employee dissatisfaction and core reason behind the lack of human capital in organizations could be evaluated through the concept of compensation and its benefits as well. Scope of the research The scope of the research related to the impact of compensation and its benefits in relation to acquiring satisfaction and employee retention could be stated in terms of evaluating the needs that remain unattended so far. But it is realized that in the last few decades the face ways in which the organizational scenario has changed and due to the increasing competition the employee retention has become one of the burning issues (Smith Smith, 2007). Thus, the scope of this study is to evaluate the chances of employee retention and job satisfaction as well. On the other hand, another scope is to understand the required measures in relation to increasing job satisfaction and retention through compensation among employees. Aim of the study The aim of this study is to provide a clear insight regarding the practices of an organization in relation to ensure job satisfaction and employee retention through compensation. Along with this, it also manifests the association between compensation and job satisfaction in the industrial scenario (Chhabra, 2001). Thus, the study would be conducting the evaluation of all the relevant aspect in order to justify the concept. Significance of the study The study is significant as it attempted in explaining the aspects that remain untouched from quite a long time. But this study would be concentrating upon the evaluation of how employees especially subordinates are devoid of compensation as it has been believed that executives are the main source of organizational performances and also awarded with compensation while the subordinates are the main carrier of performances. Thus, the significance of the study could be realized in terms of highlighting the importance of employee compensation and how it influences employee retention and job satisfaction. Research problem and research gap The compensation has a great influence on job satisfaction and employee retention, as these aspects are interrelated to each other. On the other hand, compensation has the influence upon productivity and job performance as well, as employees in an organization can be motivated through providing good compensation (E.Deepa Dr.S.Kuppusamy, 2011). The research problem could be stated in terms of poor compensation or lack of proper compensation to the employees instead of good organisational performance and organizations in the contemporary business scenario is concentrating more on executive compensation rather than the employees working under that executive. Apart from this, the subordinates are the base of organisational performance as they work hard and help the entire organisation to meet its objectives and very few studies have been conducted in relation to highlight this part of the managerial issues so far (Makena Muguongo, 2015). Thus, this study would help in evaluating the imp ortance of compensation and its benefits for employees or subordinates which can ensure quality performance and increased productivity as well. In this regard, the research gaps could be stated in terms of the concentration of the previous researches on one part of the organization that is the executives. Many previous types of research have manifested the benefits of compensation in relation to the executives and how it has helped in enhancing organizational performances (M.O, Oluwaseun, 2014). But the main research gap shows that not only executives but compensation to employees could evidently increase organizational productivity and possibilities of employee retention as well. Research question The research questions are significant in the research study as it would help in conducting the research in a right direction and with relevant information. Thus, the research questions are stated in the following manner. What is the significance of compensation in an organization?What is the association between compensation and job satisfaction and employee retention? How could employee retention be ensured through providing compensation? What are the benefits of compensation in delivering job satisfaction to employees? Objective of the study The objective of the study could be stated in the following manner. To assess the significance of compensation in an organization.To discuss the ways in which compensation is related to employee satisfaction and retention. To state the aspects that help in ensuring employee retention through compensation.To evaluate the benefits of compensation in an organization. Literature review Compensation plays the most important and vital role in the organizational setting and in accordance with the four Ms that involve men, material, machines and money, men have been considered as the most important part of organizational development and retaining and maintaining the required amount of human capital is also significant to conduct business activities in an effective manner (Adler Ghiselli, 2015). In order to state the role or importance of compensation in an organization it could be asserted that the primary aim of compensation is to enhance the motivation f the existing employees and to execute quality performances in this regard. Thus, the significance could be stated in the following manner. To enhance the commitment level of the existing employees and extracting quality performance from them. To retain the services of the employees the for longer period of time and utilize most of the part of their corporate dedication. To deliver a sense of trust and worthiness to the employees over executive compensation. On the other hand, compensation also plays an important role in the context of attracting new talents and makes them retain for a longer period of time (Ahrne Brunsson, 2010). Thus, compensation and its related practices could ensure the increase in organizational productivity, quality and efficiency among employees, while, it is also important in motivating the employees who are observed to be demotivated due to extreme organizational pressure (Terera Ngirande, 2014). Thus, compensation is important for job satisfaction and employee retention with the organization. Similarly, high job satisfaction among employees will promote high-end job satisfaction among employees that work in the subordinated groups and other employees (Bhattacharyya, 2015). Thus, it is realized that delivering a handsome amount of compensation would increase job satisfaction as employees are getting paid for their hard work and commitment. Therefore, the association between compensation and job satisfaction could be evaluated through expectancy theory. In accordance with the expectancy theory, the aspects of motivation could be defined in terms of valence, instrumentality and expectancy. On the other hand, the compensation system in the organisational scenario helps in ensuring employee motivation and it has been realised that with relevant reward system the employees manifest a change in behaviours as a result of compensation and rewards for their performed works. The employee job satisfaction directly could be related to the aspects of compensation that involves pay, int eraction with supervisors, positive words from the supervisor and so on (Biddle Emmett, 2013). In accordance with the expectancy theory, each and every employee inculcates few expectation at the time of joining a job. This theory has also recommended the definition of compensation in terms of a set of tangible and intangible assets which employees get in the form of monetary expenses. Thus, there is an evident relationship between compensation and job satisfaction along with employee retention (Mishra Farooqi, 2013). Two reasons behind it could be realised such as the importance of money in order to fulfil ones needs and secondly, the managements concern regarding the employees. As employee expect to have a systematic pay in each organisation, it is quite evident that fulfilment of the desired pay and other treatments delivered by the management would obviously result in satisfaction. Thus, the increasing organisational settings and the demand of talented employees have compelled the organisations in adopting relevant pay programmes and compensation system (Gelard Rezaei, 2016). Apart from this, employees always wanted to be getting paid in order to satisfy their self-esteem and personal needs as well. Therefore, the importance of compensation relies upon the type and work nature of the industry in which employees are usually performing. If an employee is being rewarded with relevant salaries in the industry it is quite evident that the employee would retain for a longer time in the same working place as all his or her for a longer time. Some of the disadvantages in this regard are that if an employee does not retain for a longer time, the employers have to carry a cost of recruiting and in this period the productivity of the organisation may decrease (Giancola, 2010). Thus, it is quite evident that the compensation has the severe influence upon the employee retention. Along with such aspect, it is quite evident that compensation does have certain benefits which also satisfy the employees and make them retain their present job for a longer period of time (Makena Muguongo, 2015). The compensation delivered to the employees normally addresses social security, and no financial benefits to the employees that include disability payment, day care, and retirement benefits and tuition reimbursement and so on. Therefore, the particular reason behind job dissatisfaction and lack of proper talent in the organisations have been realised in terms of ignorance of employee performances while highlighting the executive performance and contribution (Khan et al. 2011). Apart from this, the subordinates are the base of organisational performance as they work hard and help the entire organisation to meet its objectives and very few studies have been conducted in relation to highlight this part of the managerial issues so far. It is being observed in the past several y ears that management and board of directors have focused on executive compensation in order to enhance employee performances and productivity in an organisation. But, due to the traditional thinking of management employee dissatisfaction and change of job have been recorded among the employees or the subordinates. Thus, the organisations and managements have shifted its concentration upon the well being of the employees as well as they are at the core of organisational performances and quality of services. With a concluding note, it could be asserted that the compensation mainly works as the driving force for relevant working capital (Krukoff, 2006). It is also evident that is employees are compensated in a well-structured manner that eventually contributes to developing job satisfaction in the contemporary organisations. Thus, practices should be adopted by the organisations in terms of revised pay of the employees in relation to compensation. Hence, it could be stated that the con cept and aspect of compensation would help in ensuring consumer retention and job satisfaction. Methodology The methodology part is an essential aspect in the context of a research proposal as it depicts the relevant and required techniques and methods in relation to accomplish the research work and accumulate data in this regard. With the incorporation of positivism philosophy in relation the study and to evaluate and accumulate data for explaining the impact and benefits of compensation upon the aspects of employee retention and job satisfaction positivism philosophy would help in assessing the data depending upon the practical ground (Fletcher, 2016). On the other hand, the descriptive design of the study would also help in evaluating the factors in a more systematic manner. Therefore, both primary and secondary data would be used in this regard as the both the manners of data collection could ensure reliability and validity in the context of the study. Under the primary data, two types of data collections could be ensured such as quantitative and qualitative data collection. In the qua ntitative data collection, the data will be gathers from the employee perspective and the qualitative data will be derived from the managerial perspectives. Thus, a set of survey questionnaire would be prepared by the researcher in order to gather information from the employees and record their perspectives regarding compensation and its benefits (Jha, 2008). The questionnaire would be prepared in accordance with the Likert scale and would be surveyed in the survey money. 120 samples of employees would be interviewed and surveyed with multiple choice questions in an ethical manner. On the other hand, in the case of the qualitative data collection, the researcher would be conducting a face to face interview in order to accumulate information regarding the research topic from the managers of some industries (Usman Danush, 2010). The sample of 10 managers from five different industries would be taken for assessing and realizing the impact of compensation in the respective industries. Here, the main variables are compensation, job satisfaction, and employee retention, and benefits. Along with this, in the case of secondary data five scholarly journals could be included in order to accumulate empirical information presented by previous researchers. Thus, it could be realized that the respective and mentioned methodology would be able to accumulate valid and reliable data from the selected respondents and deliver relevant and acute implication to the topic of the research. Conclusion In conclusion, it could be stated that a little amount of research has been done in the context of evaluating and explaining the impact of compensation on job satisfaction and employee retention. It is being observed in the above explanation that compensation has a great impact on the employee retention and satisfaction towards their jobs. In accordance with the expectancy theory, the aspects of motivation could be defined in terms of valence, instrumentality and expectancy which explain the effectiveness of expectancy theory. The impact of compensation is evident upon the aspects of job satisfaction and employee retention as the sense of hard work and determination to meet organizational objectives could be achieved among employees. The aim of this research has been realized in terms of evaluating the impact of compensation and its benefits for employees in the organizational settings. Therefore, the association between compensation and job satisfaction could be evaluated through ex pectancy theory. Thus, through involving both qualitative and quantitative data collection in order to collect reliable and valid implications could be developed. On the other hand, in a case of secondary data, a detailed evaluation of the scholarly sources could be stated in order to generate empirical information. Thus, it could be concluded that compensation has the severe influence upon the aspects of job satisfaction and employee retention irrespective of any industry. References Adler, H., Ghiselli, R. (2015). The Importance of Compensation and Benefits on University Students Perceptions of Organizations as Potential Employers.Journal Of Management And Strategy,6(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jms.v6n1p1 Ahrne, G., Brunsson, N. (2010). Organization outside organizations: the significance of partial organization.Organization,18(1), 83-104. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508410376256 Bhattacharyya, D. (2015). Compensation and Benefits Program a Mediating Variable for Talent Retention.Compensation Benefits Review,47(2), 75-80. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886368715584481 Biddle, J., Emmett, R. (2013).Research in the history of economic thought and methodology. Chhabra, T. N. (2001). Human Resource Management, Concepts and Issues, 2nd Revised Ed., Delhi: Dhanpat Rai Co. (P) Ltd. view of Economic Studies 71, 514-534. E.Deepa, E., Dr.S.Kuppusamy, D. (2011). Impact of Performance Appraisal System on Job Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Productivity.Indian Journal Of Applied Research,4(2), 4-6. https://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/feb2014/55 Fletcher, A. (2016). Applying critical realism in qualitative research: methodology meets method.International Journal Of Social Research Methodology,20(2), 181-194. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2016.1144401 Gelard, P., Rezaei, S. (2016). The Relationship between Job Motivation, Compensation Satisfaction and Job Satisfaction in Employees of Tax Administration A Case Study in Tehran.Asian Social Science,12(2), 165. https://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n2p165 Giancola, F. (2010). Examining the Job Itself as a Source of Employee Motivation.Compensation Benefits Review,43(1), 23-29. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886368710390493 Jha, N. (2008).Research methodology. Chandigarh [India]: Abhishek Publications. Khan, R., Aslam, H., Lodhi, I. (2011). Compensation Management: A strategic conduit towards achieving employee retention and Job Satisfaction in Banking Sector of Pakistan.International Journal Of Human Resource Studies,1(1), 89. https://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v1i1.809 Krukoff, D. (2006).Compensation. Saskatoon, Sask.: Thistledown Press. M.O, O., Oluwaseun, Y. (2014). An Assessment of the impact of Compensation Plan on workers Performance of selected Quoted Food and Beverages Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria.IOSR Journal Of Business And Management,16(7), 05-12. https://dx.doi.org/10.9790/487x-16710512 Makena Muguongo, M. (2015). Effects of Compensation on Job Satisfaction Among Secondary School Teachers in Maara Sub - County of Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya.Journal Of Human Resource Management,3(6), 47. https://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.jhrm.20150306.11 Makena Muguongo, M. (2015). Effects of Compensation on Job Satisfaction Among Secondary School Teachers in Maara Sub - County of Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya.Journal Of Human Resource Management,3(6), 47. https://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.jhrm.20150306.11 Mishra, G., Farooqi, R. (2013). Exploring Employee Satisfaction With Performance Management and the Challenges Faced in Context of IT Industry.Compensation Benefits Review,45(6), 329-339. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886368714525016 Popoola, S. O., Ayeni, C. O., (2007) Work Motivation, Job Satisfaction, and Organisational Commitment of Library Personnel in Academic and Research Libraries in Oyo State, Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice. Sinclair, M. 2002. Planning Education in and after Emergencies. Paris: UNESCO, IIEP. Smith, A. Smith, E. (2007). The Role of Training in the Development of Human Resource Management in Australian Organisations, Human Resource Development International, Vol. 10 No.3, pp.263-79. Terera, S., Ngirande, H. (2014). The Impact of Rewards on Job Satisfaction and Employee Retention.Mediterranean Journal Of Social Sciences. https://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n1p481 Usman, A., Danush, R. (2010). Work spirituality in Banking Managers and its impact on Job Satisfaction.International Business Research,3(2). https://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v3n2p65

Social Justice In Education Essays (616 words) - Raewyn Connell

Social Justice In Education Social Justice in Education ?Social Justice in Education? by R. W. Connell discusses the role of education in society and the implications that social justice issues have on education. Connell begins by establishing that education and social justice can be examined separately yet they are inescapably linked through the social medium of their implementation. ?Education concerns schools, colleges and universities, whose business is to pass knowledge on to the next generation. Social justice is about income, employment, pensions or physical assets like housing.?(Connell, 1993) Three points validating the equal importance of social justice and the education system to people of all delineations are: 1.) in Western society public schools are key forums of social interaction and comprise some of the largest social institutions 2.) educational institutions are highly economic bodies and have become ?major public assets? (Connell, 1993) 3.) teaching becomes a vehicle by which society is ultimately determined and has a g reat influence over society's morality. Connell describes the meaning of justice in education as being ?a question of fairness in distribution? equality.?(Connell, 1993) ?Justice cannot be achieved by distributing the same? standard good to? all social classes.?(Connell, 1993) By stating this, Connell summarizes that in the attempt to achieve equality, unequal means must be employed. The implications for teaching presented by Connell's article are immense. The concept of equality in education and the equality of access to education are matters that are determined by the social constructs of the society in which we live. The notion of equality in education means that educators must approach all material and subject matter with a premise of unbiased predetermination. Music, math, science, fine arts, English, Japanese, history, etc? must all be considered on a par. Our current educational system does not treat all subjects as equal in our public education system. The stereotypical reading, writing and arithmetic (primary subjects) take precedence over the fine arts and like subjects (secondary subjects). Social justice criteria as presented in this article, establish that economic variables are a means of determination for favouritism within the educational institution. Where the primary subjects receive ensured funding, the secondary subjects receive funding when d eemed viable. This creates inequality at the very base of the institution itself. The result is degradation to all facets of the educational system. ?The moral quality of education is inevitably affected by the moral character of educational institutions. If the school system is dealing unjustly? The quality of education for all? is degraded.? (Connell, 1993) I sometimes wonder why administrators and educators, the facilitators of education, cannot realize the reasons behind the success and failures of our education system. I have often heard educators and scholars refer to the greatness of the Renaissance and Romantic eras in world history and their frustrations due to the loss of the benefits of those times. The secondary subjects during those times of grandeur were not secondary, but they were primary and equal subjects to all others; therefore, the benefits of equalization of subjects importance is essential in achieving those past benefits as well as a highly developed society. Connell presents an intriguing argument and concludes with several ideas. ?Individual equality is the condition, not the goal, of a just social order.?(Connell, 1993) Education which favours is a ?corrupt education? (Connell, 1993) and ?social justice is? fundamental to what good education is about.? (Connell, 1993) Finally Connell states that good means different things to different people and ?justice cannot be achieved by distributing the same? standard good to? all social classes.? (Connell, 1993) Bibliography Connell, R. W. ?Social Justice in Education?. In Schools and Social Justice. (Toronto: Our Schools/Our Selves Education Foundation, 1993) pp. 11-19. Education

Life bestowed by life destroyed essays

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Case management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case management - Assignment Example Creating such an institution requires massive financial resources to build the physical structure and procure equipments. The second step is to have a team of various professionals to run the program (Master and Taniguchi, 2006). Nurses should be available to coordinate the program as they are well versed with the care of patients and the skills to make clinical decisions. There are instances when the institution requires advanced medical expertise and the nurses` skills might be limited. In such cases, another team of specialized professionals are hired in order to cater for specific disabilities faced by the children. An example in this case is a child with autism. A medical expert who specializes in autism will have to be hired. The other group of workers central to the program is social workers. This team will have to be hired to coordinate the social needs of the family, specifically the patient when they are out of the program. A team of educational providers ought to be put in place in order to teach the family all things pertaining to child disability. Acquiring the needed funds to kick start the case management program is one of the key milestones which should be solved. The initiators of the project can convince the government to extend financial aid to the program as it is mainly a social welfare initiative. This can be achieved by writing proposals of detailed case management program to government officials such as the governor and the senators. The case manager can apply for coverage under the umbrella of Medicaid and Medicare (Master and Taniguchi, 2006). Another approach is to use lobbyists to present the case to the government. Several economists on the other hand have insisted that the government should be spared the burden of business in order to maintain the ideals of capitalism. In that case, the proprietors of the case management program should invite the private sector players to invest in the project. They can

Freshii restaurant (report about staffing and job analysis ) Assignment

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Genetically Modified Food And Crops Biology Essay

Genetically Modified Food And Crops Biology Essay Genetic modification of crops and food stuffs is one of the major controversial debates in the world. There have been doubts on the safety of genetically modified foods especially in the area of human health and environmental degradation. Many people have fears that their health could experience unforeseeable effects by altering the genetic content of a plant. Genetic modification might have resulted to the growing of pesticide and herbicide tolerant plants but the new technology has dangerous effects on human health and the environment. Genetic modification of crops has led to reduced effectiveness of herbicides and pesticides, transfer of genes to species that are not targeted, and has caused harm to important organisms. It has also caused allergies to most people in different parts of the world and raised economic concerns. Though the supporters of the new technology argue that it has led to increased crop yields and alleviation of nutrition deficiencies, genetic modification has obviously caused more harm than good. Introduction Genetically modified foods have been used widely in the 21st century and have splashed in the media lately. Public awareness groups and European environmental agencies have been frequently protesting against genetically modified foods and crops for years, and the latest controversial studies regarding the effects of GM corn pollen on sovereign butterfly caterpillars have prompted the issue of genetic engineering hence bringing it to the front position of public awareness in the United States. As a result, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has held three public meetings in Washington D.C., Oakland, California, and Chicago to importune opinions by the public and start the procedure of establishing an effective regulatory method for government sanction of genetically modified foods. GM foods have resulted to adverse effects especially in regard to environmental hazard, human health risk, and economic concerns. In respect to this, the government should discourage the g rowing of genetically modified crops and establish policies that ensure GM foods and crops are labelled (Institute of Medicine U.S. Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health 23) Literature Review Genetically modified foods and crops refer to plants scientifically created for animal or human consumption using the most recent molecular biology techniques. Basically, these crops are modified in the laboratory to improve nutritional content. Traditionally, enhancement of plants nutritional content was achieved through breeding but such conventional crop breeding methods proved to be time consuming and not quite reliable in terms of accuracy (Ferry and Gatehouse 59). On the other hand, genetic engineering creates crops that rapidly exhibit the exact desired traits with great accuracy. For instance, its possible for a plant geneticist to cut off a drought tolerance gene and insert it to a different plant. Consequently, the genetically-modified plant will become drought tolerant after acquiring the essential gene. Surprisingly, its also possible to transfer non-plant organisms besides the plant-to-plant gene transfer. The Bt or Bacillus thuringiensis, genes transfer to crops such as corn is a good example of non-plant organisms genes transfer. Bt is a bacterium that occurs naturally and produces insect larvae lethal protein crystals. Moreover, the Bt protein genes are transferred into corn, making it possible for the corn to generate pesticides of its own for instance the European corn borer (Ferry and Gatehouse 60). Pesticide resistant rape plant is on of the genetically modified crops. Scientific researchers have introduced a foreign gene to the rape plant which gives the plant the capability to resist certain pesticides. Consequently, a farmer is able to safely spray his genetically engineered rape plants with pesticides and destroying harmful pests without killing the crops. However, there is a possibility that the introduced genes may be transferred to the pests hence making them resistant to the pesticide as well and the plant spray becomes ineffective (Institute of Medicine U.S. Committee o n Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health 24). In this context, its possible for rape plants to pollinate the navew weed which occurs in rape crop fields. The navew weed acquires resistance to pesticides after gaining the introduced genes from the rape plants. Another example of GM crop is the golden rice which has been genetically engineered to increase its nutrition content by introducing an extra amount of vitamin A. More precisely, golden rice contains the beta-carotene element which is converted into vitamin A by the human body. Beta-carotene is the element responsible for the orange colour found in carrots and the golden colour in this particular rice. However, for the rice to produce beta-carotene, two genes from daffodils and one from bacterium must be implanted (Ferry Gatehouse 60). Methodology The study on genetically-modified crops/foods is very important and adequate information is required to determine the possible downfalls of the new technology. Books by reputable authors will be used to gather sufficient information on the topic. Additionally, relevant articles touching on the current progress of the new technology will also be used to realize recent discoveries. Discussion Natural breeding techniques have been used safely for the past numerous thousands of years. On the contrary, Genetically modified plant technology abrogates reproductive processes that occur naturally, selection takes place at the single cell stage, the process is extremely mutagenic and more often than not breaches genera barriers even after being in use for about ten years. In spite of these differences, the assessment on the safety of genetically modified crops is often based on the substantial equivalence idea such that In case a new crop or food is found to be considerably equivalent in nutritional and composition characteristics to an already existing crop/food, it may be regarded as harmless as the conventional food/crop (Gordon 144). Nevertheless, a number of animal studies designate serious health risks linked to GM crop/food consumption including dysregulation of genes related to synthesis of cholesterol, accelerated aging, and protein formation. Religious organizations, Environmental activists, professional organizations, public interest groups, and other government and scientist officials have raised their concerns about genetically modified foods/crops. Agribusiness pursues profits showing minimal concern for possible environmental and human health hazards as well as economic concerns. Environmental hazards Reduced pesticide and insecticide effectiveness; most insects and pests are likely to develop resistance to Bt just like some mosquito species have developed resistance to DDT pesticide which has already been banned from the market. In addition, there is a possibility that insects and pests may develop resistance to pesticides produced by genetically-modified crops. This will eventually lead to destruction of large amounts of crops both in the field and in the store. Harm to other organisms: In reference to a laboratory study published last year, 2009, pollen from Bacillus thuringiensis corn caused a high rate of deaths in monarch butterfly caterpillars. These caterpillars do not consume corn but milkweed plants, but there is a possibility that pollen from Bt may be blown by wind onto the neighbouring milkweed field and hence the caterpillars will consume them and die. Even though the study wasnt conducted on natural field, the results are likely to support this viewpoint. Unfortunately, Bacillus thuringiensis toxins indiscriminately kill many insect larvae species, its impossible to produce a Bt toxin that only kills pests that are crop-damaging and remain safe to other insects (Heller 227). However, this study is under re-examination by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), USDA, and other non-governmental research agencies. Interestingly enough, data from recent studies suggests that data from the original study may not have been accurate. Currently, the debate on the results of these studies is still on-going, and the possible risk of harm to organisms that are not targets will need further evaluation (Institute of Medicine U.S. Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health 50). Gene transfer to non-target species: Another major concern is that crops modified for herbicide tolerance and field weeds might cross-breed, hence leading to the transfer of the resistance genes from plant crops into the adjacent weeds. The resulting weeds will be super and are more likely to become tolerant to the herbicide as well. Other new genes may cross into non-engineered plant crops adjacent to GM crops. The interbreeding possibility is shown by the farmers defence against labelling of GM foods. A good example is the Monsanto case, where the company has filed exclusive rights intrusion lawsuits against GM crops farmers (Gordon 144). The only possible ways through which GM crop farmers can resolve these environmental hazards is by creating male sterile plants. This will ensure that non-target species do not receive new genes from GM crops. On the other hand, the farmers can modify the GM crops in a way that the pollen doesnt consist of the introduced genes. Consequently, there would be no possibility of cross-pollination and harmless insects would survive after consuming pollen from GM crops (Ferry and Gatehouse 121). Another probable solution will be creating buffer zones around GM crop fields. For instance, non-GM corn can be cultivated to surround a Bt. GM corn field, although the non-GM corn should not be harvested. Harmless or beneficial insects would take refuge in the non-GM corn, and pests can be allowed to wipe out the non-GM corn field without developing resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis pesticides. The wind-blown pollen will not cross over to weeds or other crops since the buffer zone wouldnt let it. Nonetheless, this planting method maybe unpractical if large buffer zone acreage is required (Ferry and Gatehouse 150). Human health risks Allergenicity: Allergy emergence is one of the most common human health threat posed by genetically modified foods (Puszta 2001). In the event of genetic modification, a protein with allergic effects could be transferred to a different crop. Additionally, allergic effects could be exacerbated through the biotechnology process, and new proteins that become allergens could be created in GM crops. For example, lots of children and grown-ups in Europe and the United States have developed allergies that are life-threatening to foods such as peanuts. There is likelihood that plant may create a new allergen or cause an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals. A good example is the Brazil nut-to-beans genes transfer proposal that was rejected because of its possible allergic reactions. However, GM foods may require extensive testing in order to avoid possible consumer harm through allergies (Gordon 144). Unknown effects on human health: Transferring or introducing alien genes into food crops may result to unexpected negative effects on human health. An article recently published in Lancet scrutinized the effects of genetically-modified potatoes on the digestive system in rats. This study argued that there were significant differences in the intestines of GM potato fed rats and those of rats fed naturally cultivated potatoes. Until now critics argue that this results, like the monarch butterfly data, is faulty and doesnt hold up to scientific examination. Furthermore, the gene transferred into the potatoes was lectin, a snowdrop flower already known to be poisonous to mammals. The research scientists who produced this variety of potato decided to use lectin gene just to test the methodology, because these potatoes were not intended for animal or human consumption (Gordon 143). Economic concerns Introducing GM foods to market is a costly and lengthy process, and certainly agri-biotech companies aspire to ensure a cost-effective return on their investment. Several new plant genetic-modification technologies and GM crops/foods have been unapproved and patent breach is a great concern of agribusiness. Yet consumer advocates are concerned that patenting the new plant varieties is likely to raise seed prices so high such that small-scale farmers and third world nations will be unable to come up with the money for GM crop seeds, thus increasing the gap between the rich and the poor. People are hoping that in a compassionate gesture, more non-profits and companies will offer their products at a fair cost to poor countries (Ferry and Gatehouse 172). Enforcement of patent may turn-out to be difficult, as the farmers contention that they unwillingly grew Monsanto-modified strains when their crop plants were cross-pollinated. Introducing a suicide gene into GM plants would be an excell ent way of contesting possible patent breach. These crop plants would be feasible for one planting season and would produce seeds that dont germinate since they will be sterile. Farmers would have to purchase a fresh supply of planting seeds yearly. However, this would strain farmers financially especially in third world nations where they cannot afford to purchase seeds every year (Ferry and Gatehouse 173). In contrast, genetic-modified crops have been known to exhibit pest resistance. Insect pests can cause serious crop destruction and loss, hence resulting in distressing financial loss for farmers and prolonged starvation in third world countries. Most farmers buy and use many tons of insecticides and pesticides yearly. Moreover, pesticides can cause potential health hazards and excessive use can contaminate water sources and the environment. Cultivation of genetically-modified crops can eliminate the need for pesticides hence minimizing on costs. However, this method may harm pests that are important for crop growth processes such as pollination. Apart from this, genetically-modified plant crops exhibit herbicide tolerance. Considering that physical weed removal may not be cost-effective for certain crops, farmers are forced to spray large quantities of herbicides to destroy weeds which is expensive and time-consuming. Cultivating plant crops that are genetically-modified to resist a powerful herbicide might help in preventing environmental contamination by minimizing on the herbicides used. Despite the risks involved in genetic-modification of crops/foods, the biotechnology industry continues to claim that genetically-engineered crops can feed the entire world by producing higher crop yields. Nutrition Malnutrition has been reported to be a major problem in developing countries where poor people depend on crops such as rice as their key staple food. Nevertheless, such foods do not contain sufficient amounts of nutrients necessary to prevent malnutrition. If such crops were to be genetically-modified to contain extra minerals and vitamins, deficiencies of nutrients could be alleviated. However, an up to date report by Union of Concerned Scientists analyzed twelve academic studies and indicated that GM foods form a small percentage of the worlds produced food. Bt. corn proved to be the only exception since a high yield in GM corn was reported. As a matter of fact, the report further sated that the significant increase in crop yields was as a result of improvements in trad itional breeding (Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health 101). Conclusion Genetically-modified foods/crops may be the potential solution to many of global malnutrition and hunger problems, and to aid in preserving and protecting the environment by minimizing dependence upon chemical herbicides and pesticides, and increasing crop yield. Nevertheless, there are several challenges ahead for farmers and national governments, particularly in the areas of, international policy, regulation, safety testing, and GM food labelling. Needless to say, genetic-modification is the inevitable future wave and that the society may not afford to ignore this technology though it has several dangers which outweigh its benefits to both the consumer and the farmer. However, members of the society must carry on with caution to avoid causing environmental hazards and unintentional harm to human health as a result of enthusiasm for this new technology. Recommendations Considering that GM foods pose serious health risks in the areas of allergy, reproductive health, metabolic, and immune function, farmers ought to adopt the precautionary principle. This principle is the key European Union environmental regulatory tool and health policy which has formed numerous international agreements. The precautionary approach is to be applied by nations in accordance with their capabilities in protecting the environment. In case of serious threats of irreversible damage, presence of limited scientific certainty should not be utilized as a reason for postponing gainful measures to prevent degradation of the environment. Bearing the precautionary principle in mind, physicians should educate the public, patients, and the medical community to avoid genetically-modified foods if possible and offer educational materials on health risks arising from GM foods. Moreover, the scientific and medical community should gather information related to health effects resulting fr om the consumption of GM foods. This may include conducting research on safe and effective methods of considering GM foods effects on human health. Lastly, implementing long term labelling and safety testing methods of genetically-modified foods/crops will be an important factor.

Two Key Scenes Between Eddie and Marco in A View from the Bridge Essay

Two Key Scenes Between Eddie and Marco in A View from the Bridge Examine the dramatic effectiveness of two key scenes between Eddie and Marco. In the play, the lead character, Eddie Carbone is an â€Å"A View from the Bridge†: Examine the dramatic effectiveness of two key scenes between Eddie and Marco. â€Å"In the play, the lead character, Eddie Carbone is an Italian longshoreman working on the New York docks. When his wife’s cousins, Marco and Rodolfo, seek refuge as illegal immigrants from Sicily, Eddie agrees to shelter them. Trouble begins when his wife’s niece, Catherine, is attracted to the glamorous younger brother, Rodolfo. Eddie’s baffled jealousy culminates in an unforgivable crime against his family and the Sicilian community.† The playwright, Arthur Miller, writes about an era and district with which he is very familiar. The two scenes that I have chosen to analyse for dramatic effectiveness between Eddie and Marco are: o The last scene of Act 1, where Eddie attempts to teach Rodolfo to box and is challenged by Marco to lift the chair. o The last scene where Eddie refuses to leave the apartment pending Marco’s arrival. In the last scene of Act 1 dramatic effectiveness is displayed in a very strong and powerful way. The effect of this scene is very dramatic on the audience because before this particular scene takes place, Eddie’s anger and jealousy has been building up. The audience is keen to see how Eddie is going to react to the closeness of Catherine and Rodolfo. When Eddie went to see Alfieri, prior to the final scene of Act 1 he explained how he felt about Catherine seeing Rodolfo. Eddie made it very clear that he thinks Rodolfo â€Å"ain’t right.† When Alfieri makes it clear t... ...o the Immigration Bureau. This is a hint as to what Eddie may do later on in the play. The story of Vinny Bolzano is a precursor of what is to become Eddie’s fate. This also prepares the audience for the fact that Eddie may do something that is â€Å"unforgivable for people of Red Hook.† Although Vinny was obeying the law what he done was seen as unjust and wrong by the Red Hook as they have their own law. In conclusion I feel that both the last scene of Act 1 and the last scene of the play have a very dramatic effect on the audience. The last scene of Act 1 shows the audience the build up of tension and suspense between Eddie and Marco and the last scene of the play brings the suspense to a tragic end. Both scenes have a dramatic effect on the audience because they both contain the most exciting and predominant elements of the play – tension and suspense.

Patrick White’s “A Fringe of Leaves” Essay

Social interactions and relationships are often used in novels to establish and develop thematic concerns within the text. Within A Fringe of Leaves, Patrick White constructs characters and their relationships to expose the constraints of social expectations and simultaneously illustrate the metaphysical journey to self-realisation that the protagonist, Ellen undergoes. It is through Ellen’s complex and often confusing relationships with other characters that her journey may be traced and the extent of change at each level may be realised. The text remains, throughout such a journey, concerned with the contrast between appearances and reality, revealed though all levels of interaction, but poignantly exemplified in the upper class. Such contrasts are juxtaposed to the relatively natural, however none the less complex, relationships appearing deep within the Australian bush. Social relationships are vital in establishing themes, however Ellen’s inner struggle remains the focus of the novel. Relationships are therefor presented as complex and confusing in order to shape a deeper understanding of both the tribulations and personal conflicts Ellen must face and the complex product of her journey. Ellen Gluyas is of working class origins and it is only through her relationship with Austin that she comes to be the ‘Mrs. Roxburg’ of class and social stature. This transcending of class, although provides her with stoic and expedience, valuable in her journey, is the cause of much confusion for Ellen and she is constantly reassessing her situations in able to assume her appropriate role. White clearly expresses that Ellen and Austin’s marriage is for reasons other then romantic love. Austin’s selection of Ellen as his wife enables him to fulfill his Pygmalion fantasies, however the prospect of marrying would not have come about at all without the instruction of his mother. The marriage may thus be seen as, as equally fulfilling for ‘old’ Mrs. Roxburg as it is for Austin. Ellen, in complying with the Pygmalion concept, marries as it is her only means by which to achieve social mobility. Her acceptance of Austin’s ‘extraordinaryâ €™ proposal is prompted by her father’s death (a complex relationship in itself) as her resulting social position leaves her with little alternative choice. Their relationship is thus grounded on a precarious combination of unequal power, gratitude, unfamiliarity, duty and ‘a bungling attempt to  prove their love’. It is in the initial stage of the novel that the impacts of such a relationship are introduced. Ellen constantly struggles to camouflage her working class roots and beneath that, her spiritual and instinctual self. This creates conflict and confusion in her understanding of her self and her relationships with other characters. Ellen plays a ‘many faceted role’, which is made possible through the layers of social practices imposed during her initiation into the upper class. Although Austin provides her with the opportunity, it is her relationship with ‘old’ Mrs. Roxburg that begins the construction of the new young Mrs. Roxburg. Ellen becomes Austin and his mother’s molded and manipulated ‘work of art’ and it is during this time that she realises the importance of appearances within the upper class. Ellen also becomes aware of the innocence and ignorance of her working class self, and hence White foregrounds the notion of the class system as divided by a thin veneer of respectability. This notion of a superficial ‘fringe’ as the determinant of position within society is further criticised through the construction of Austin’s brother Garnet. White’s portrayal of Garnet and the insights Ellen gains from her relationship with him, reveal the potential for corruption and immorality within the upper class. Garnet, although banished from respectable society in Britain, is able to resume his authoritarian role, transposing his familiar existence of privilege and power to an Australian society. White’s ironic portrayal of Garnet as a stereotype of the upper class is critical in its exposure of the double standards apparent in a stratified social structure. Garnet is expected to uphold social ideals by setting moral examples for those ‘lesser’ than him, yet he, in every respect, defies the concept of ‘Christian morality’ through his advantageous and corrupt nature. White’s depiction of Garnet’s relationship with the servant girl Holly reveals how a man of his position is able to manipulate the lives of those around him, with little concern for the consequences. The character of Holly is marginalised within the text however this may be read as furthering White’s ironic portrayal of the upper class, as the minimal description of the girl’s fate is representative of just how little Garnet’s actions effect  his life. Although the portrayal of Holly also criticises dominant ideologies on gender, the extent of double standards towards male and female sexuality is fully exposed in the construction of the relationship between Ellen and Garnet. Their relationship is strongly contrasted to the sterile and repressive nature of Ellen and Austin’s relationship. Within her marriage Ellen is unable to explore her sexuality as when she ‘had†¦once responded with a natural ardour†¦discovered on her husband’s face an expression of having tasted something bitter’. Her relationship with Garnet thus proves to be complex in its meaning. It first represents Ellen and Garnet as parallel characters in their sensualist desires that must be censured in light of social morality. Whilst simultaneously juxtaposing the perception of sexuality in males and females within phallocentrically informed societies. Garnet’s sexuality is defined as a source of virile power. It is condoned and somewhat celebrated within the text. In strong contrast, Ellen’s sexuality is represented as dangerous and immoral. She suffers guilt after the experience, and in resuming her relations with Austin, continues to ‘refrain†¦from tearing†¦off†¦the mask which evidently she was expected to wear.† In the Roxburg’s confusing relationship of supposed love and stifled interactions, Ellen must repress her sensual desires in order to conform to social expectations of a ‘lady’, and thoughtful wife. Thus Garnet is the ‘tool which she used to measure the depths she was tempted to explore’. Their encounter unleashes Ellen’s repressed sensual nature and sexual desire, which prompts and foreshadows her journey to self-realisation. White depicts Ellen as a complex character whose complexity is enhanced by her experiences within the upper class of society. By focusing on Ellen’s social relationships, White is able to construct her character to the point where her descent may be as interesting and many leveled as her ascent. As a working class girl, Ellen existed with a few layers of constructed self. As she is initiated into the upper class she is constructed by external forces (‘old’ Mrs Roxburg and Austin) and internal forces (her new ‘knowledgable’ self, exemplified within her journal). This construction of self, imposes layers upon layers of ‘culture’ and false or rendered identity. In ellen’s  journey to self realisation she is stripped of her constructed or social self. The initial stages of the novel develop these layers so that the second part may remove them. Social relationships are thus used to develop and measure both her ascent and her descent. Parallels are thus drawn between the Roxbourg’s and the Aborigines, as they are characters whose relationships with Ellen denote periods of marked and rapid change. This notion of allining the two experiences is introduced when Ellen is ‘dragged to her feet’ by the group of Aboriginal women. Omniscient narration allows the parallel to be drawn through the line, ‘Ellen Gluyas had not encountered a more unlikely situation since forced as a bride to face the drawing rooms at Cheltenham.’ This line is significant also in the use of naming. It is the first of an interchanging of identity, which represents both the confusion Ellen undergoes and also the shedding of her ‘cultivated’ layers. Within the Aboriginal society Ellen is pushed and pulled to suit those around her. This may be read as representative of her treatment by civilised society, on a more basic and primitive level, symbolising manipulation through social relationships. Ellen’s relationship with the aborigines mark the beginning of her descent, as she is returned to the most basic and subsistence level of humanity. However to exist within the community she still must assume certain roles, such as slave and nurturer, savage and ‘work of art’. Ellen becomes the Aborigines ‘work of art’, just the way she did for Austin. And the ordeal she suffers exemplifies physically, the psychological effects of her ‘work of art’ rolein her marriage. Her role as nurturer and savage, reveal her instinctual and primitive self . Ellen is allowed to explore this side of her nature as she is freed from the constraints of civilised society. White constructs relationships between Ellen and the Aboriginal children, through Ellen’s role as nurturer. These relationships are important in revealing the contrasts of good and bad within human nature, and White explores the notion that good and bad exist collectively within people, and that nothing is truly good or truly bad. This is first introduced through the portrayal of Garnet who, despite being vilified within the text, encompasses vital characteristics in the development of Ellen’s journey. The  first relationship Ellen has with an aboriginal child, blatantly exposes her evil side, whilst nurses the sickly child. There is stark contrast of good and bad in Ellen’s thoughts and speech. She first refers to it as disgusting an then wishes it to ‘sleep, sleep†¦sleep-my darling’. Later she wishes the child dead. Her relationship with other Aboriginal children, within the text are equally confusing. There are moments of idyllic contentmen t with the children, and then they become solemn and determined or even violent. They become for Ellen a means by which she may be comforted, however there there is never any developed example of love. In the context of Ellen’s journey, the children are also ‘tool’s, by which she may explore her nurturer side, denied through her fruitless marriage with Austin. White’s construction of the character Jack Chance, Ellen’s convict hero, provides a heightened example of good shrouded in evil. Jack is a murderer, and a criminal, whilst he is Ellen’s protector. In contrast to Garnet, Jack is unable to escape the consequences of his actions, and has suffered the brutalities of the upper classes’ corruption. His character thus evokes sympathy despite his immoral past. The union of Ellen and Jack is complex as it reveals the contradiction and multiplicity within the individuals’ true self. Jack is presented as both a murderer and protector, whilst Ellen’s heightened awareness of self, is only made possible through the darker and more primitive side of her nature. The positive portrayal of their Eden-like existence valorises the multiplicity and contradictions within themselves and their relationship. It is both a spiritual and sexual union in which Ellen appears her most natural self. It is with Jack that she makes the final transition to full enlightenment and self-realisation, symbolized by the sheding of her fringe of leaves. Their relationship remains confusing though. Ellen replaces the fringe of leaves to distance herself from Jack. Although ‘she loved him’, social relationships remain complex for Ellen, and Jack is of course another tool in Ellen’s journey. Through him she may rekindle her sensuality and extend her self knowledge. He is her means to return to civilization, and thus their idyllic relationship is temporary. White implies that their union is not possible within civilised society. Their natural existence of unrepressed desires and sensuality may not be transposed onto a world of appearances and constructed social fronts, such  that Ellen returns to civilization alone. Throughout the novel Ellen’s social relationships trace and reflect the stages of her journey. On returning to civilisation there surfaces a new confusion as Ellen realizes that ‘self-knowledge might remain a source of embarrassment even danger.’ She is forced to repress all of her new knowledge to fit back into a society of superficiality and unjustified stratification. White constructs Ellen’s journey to criticise the nature of society and to expose the tribulations of those ‘less’ than the upper class white male. Through the construction of confusing and complex relationships, White is able to delve deeper into the multitude of perceptions and understandings of his characters. Few characters reflect a one sided and purely good or bad person, thus White reveals that morality and ‘goodness’ is often blurred. In the context of class, by employing omniscient narration, social relationships are constructed to reveal the superficialities and uneven power distributions within society. Through his critical depiction of class White enforces that such divisions are but thin veneers, and criticizes them as a false basis to build social relationships. Through Ellen’s journey, more heightened experiences take precedence over her somewhat tedious social existence. Juxtaposed to her inner thoughts and spiritual awareness, her social front is predominantly a piteous reflection of her true self. White explores such contrasts in order to invoke a critical reflection of society in all contexts.

Cause and effect: gambling Essay

Throughout life we take chances with many different things. We take chances for ourselves, and we take chances for others close to us. Chances are things which will give you so much good in your life if you go for the right things and succeed when taking the chance. As is everything in this life taking chances are all and only good within moderation. When you take yourself to an abusive level with anything it becomes dangerous for you and all who surround you. An unsuccessful gambler may carry the same attributes of a very greedy person. A greedy person is someone who always wants more, and in essence a person gambling is looking to get more then they have. Gambling is considered to be addictive for many people, and depending on the degree of your addiction it can affect your life in more places then just your wallet. People engage in gambling through its ever-present incentive. The incentive in gambling is most commonly a financial reward, but it may also be many other different things. The mind of a person is hopefully set to learn from mistakes, and this is the mindset of many gamblers, these are successful gamblers. The reason they are successful is because they are able to establish what the problem was in their loss. After establishing their problem they learn to not repeat their fault. Next, when the mind set of a person is not gauged to learn from their mistakes, but only learn through extreme measures is when gambling becomes a larger problem. A gambler can be successful and not greedy, but a bad gambler is made through greed. If the gambler does not want to lose anymore or accepts his winnings they become unsuccessful. Greed is one of the seven deadliest sins, andn it is so fitting indeed. When a good gambler suffers from losing he or she turns around and puts their loss aside and does not let it intertwine with any aspect of their life other then gambling. When an inexperienced or unsuccessful gambler loses, the loss effects more then just the gambling aspect of their life. The unsuccessful gambler will turn to things of more negativity. The reason the gambler turns to these things is to ease their mind and hide their feelings. This way of coping with losing could ultimately result into hurting financially, as well as emotionally, and even physically. The first problem the gambler will face will be financial loss. The first thing to go in gambling is your wallet, and unfortunately one of the most commonly related problems to depression is debt. Losing money will affect the mindset of the gambler causing possible depression. This is when the problem reaches the emotional aspect it may take. The chain of events continues from depression on ward to abuse among substances, most commonly drugs and alcohol. Drugs and alcohol are substances made to relax the mind and take them away from the reality of things. The reality of the situation is that all drugs and alcohol will do is further affect the gambler financially as well as emotionally, and physically. When abuse of alcohol and drugs is brought to the home life of someone all it brings is deceit and ultimately pain. If the gambler has a family life the habits of drugs and alcohol will be tried to be concealed by the user to not hurt anyone else, and ultimately the truth surfaces taking an even bigger toll on the gambler. The abuse of alcohol and drugs is also closely related to physical abuse. Being intoxicated on drugs and alcohol can in fact lead to abusing close friends or family. It is most likely never said, but gambling can lead a person to rehabilitation. It is somewhat ironic that a hobby usually carried by wealthy, or well off people with strong mentalities can lead to complete collapse and weakness. This chain of events the gambler goes through can have almost a ruining effect on their life. Gambling is caused by the mentality of a risk taker or someone who enjoys taking chances wanting more then they have. Taking chances is not a bad thing by any means. It only becomes bad when it is abused. The effects of abusing gambling are never ending. Abusing gambling can lead to many extremes of negativity. It is up to the mind of the gambler to know when it is time to stop, or if it is not risking too much by continuing on.